What is it?

This is a ~35 mm longer (23 mm x 81.4 mm) and 2.8 g heavier (8.8 g) version of the Cricket Asset Tracker. The long Cricket Asset Tracker still uses a Murata CMWX1ZZABZ-078 (STM32L082 + SX1276) LoRaWAN-enabled host MCU coupled with a U-BLOX CAM M8Q concurrent GNSS module. There is now a BMA400 instead of the BMA280 accelerometer for wake/sleep motion detection and both use a BME280 pressure/temperature/humidity sensor to monitor environmental conditions. There is still an 8 MByte MX25R6435FZAI SPI NOR flash memory for data logging.

Long Cricket has been designed to offer users an option for certain types of use cases where the lowest power usage and weight are demanded. It might seem odd that a nearly 80% increase in pcb area would cater to low-weight applications but the increased ground plane significantly improves the sensitivity of the CAM M8Q chip antenna such that signal strength with or without an 18 mm x 18 mm active patch antenna is about the same. Likewise, the increased length accommodates a wide-band chip antenna for LoRa/LoRaWAN similar to that on the Grasshopper development board. The result is superb GNSS and LoRa/LoRaWAN performance without external antennas and at a weight of just 8.8 g plus battery!

Design and component changes were made to reduce the power usage from the already low-power Cricket Asset Tracker. The MCP1810 LDO with 20 nA quiescent current replaces the NCV8170 saving ~0.5 uA. The STBC08 battery charger has been removed saving another ~2 uA of sleep current. The battery voltage monitor uses a FET circuit to isolate the voltage divider from battery power when not actively sampling, saving another ~3 uA. The BMA400 can continuously monitor wake/sleep conditions at ~800 nA current usage compared to the ~6.5 uA of the BMA280 used on Cricket. The CAM-M8Q VDD is controlled by a dedicated low-standby-power (100 nA) LDO on both Cricket variants. But long Cricket also uses an STM32L082 GPIO to provide power for the CAM M8Q backup voltage so that for very-long-duty-cycle GNSS use (say, once or twice per day) the sleep current of the CAM M8Q can be set to zero. These changes bring the total sleep current of the long Cricket Asset Tracker as low as ~2.5 uA!

Together, these changes make the long Cricket Asset Tracker perfect for discrete tracking of high-value items, low-impact animal and people tracking, long-term vehicle tracking, etc. Just add battery (3.3 - 5.5 V) and start tracking!

The Cortex M0+ processor runs at 4, 16, or 32 MHz with 192 kB of flash memory and 20 kB of SRAM. The system core and Arduino wrapper are written from scratch to be complete, robust, and power and memory efficient. The GNSS and LoRaWAN APIs make using the LoRa radio modem and CAM M8Q GNSS engine simple and easy.

Each long Cricket Asset Tracker has a unique 64-bit (8 hex bytes) device EUI (Extended Unique Identifier) readable via a simple query in any Arduino sketch which identifies the peripheral node to the LoRaWAN gateway or any other LoRa device or LoRa network. This allows multiple long Cricket Asset Trackers to be present on a network with no ambiguity.

The MCU has all of the usual serial peripherals you would expect from any Arduino-compatible development board including SPI, I2C, UART as well as analog (ADC/DAC/PWM) IO. Also, 10 GPIOs are available at the edge of the board so that additional sensors can be connected to and managed by the host MCU for custom applications. This flexibility makes the long Cricket Asset Tracker a perfect platform for IoT prototyping.

The pin out is similar to the Grasshopper development board:

• Blue led is on GPIO D10, active LOW
• SWD is GPIO D8 (SWDIO) and GPIO D9 (SWDCLK)
• SPI is GPIOs D10 (nCS), D11 (MOSI), D12 (MISO), and D13 (CLK)
• I2C is SDA (D15)/SCL (D14)
• Battery voltage monitor GPIO A1
• UART RX2 (A3)/TX2 (A2), RX3 (D8)/TX3 (D9)
• SPI flash has nCS on D25
• ADC on A2, A3, also use these pins for PWM and Sharp TFT display
• CAM M8Q interface UART RX1 (D0)/TX1 (D1)
• BMA400 interrupt D3 and A4
• GNSS enable D5, pps D4, GNSS backup enable A0
• User Button on GPIO D2

The long Cricket Asset Tracker is programmable using the Arduino IDE via the USB connector and serial data output is available through the USB connector for display on the serial monitor of your pc or laptop. The board can also be programmed using ST-Link and traditional toolchains via the SWD port exposed on the board edge (D8 and D9).

The long Cricket asset tracker is designed to be powered by a 1S 3.7 V LiPo battery charged off board. Non-rechargeable battery types can also be used to power the board such as two or three AA alkaline batteries, a single 3.6 V AA or 1/2 AA LiSOCl2 battery, etc. There is a 27K/100K voltage divider connected to the battery anode (marked with a "+" near the USB connector) so battery voltage (max. 4.2 V) and can be monitored by the ADC on GPIO A1, which is controlled by a FET enabled by GPIO D2.

The long Cricket Asset Tracker has a uFl connector for the LoRa antenna and I use these, but any suitable LoRa antenna designed for the appropriate frequency (~915 MHz in the US) will do. But with longCricket no external antenna is really needed except for the most demanding applications; the chip antenna works very well! The chip antenna is tuned for a wide band (858 - 928 MHz) which allows the SX1276 LoRa radio to be used in a surprisingly large number of regions of the world including:

• Asia AS923
• Australia AU915
• Europe EU868
• India IN865
• Korea KR920
• US US915 (64 + 8 channels)

Even though the chip antenna is broadband, the long Cricket design is optimized for top of the band operation with a PS100 RF antenna impedance analyzer showing VSWR of 1.8 and S11 of -11 dB at 914 MHz. If you would rather optimize for bottom of the band, a 4.7 nH inductor added to the unpopulated position in the pi match circuit will shift the optimized frequency to 863 MHz, with VSWR 1.6 and S11 of -12 dB.

The LoRaWAN protocol requires a LoRaWAN-compatible gateway to receive and forward the data to the internet. I have used both Multitech MTCAP and TheThingsNetwork gateways with success. An API to support simple point-to-point LoRa Rx/Tx between Cricket Asset Trackers, LoRaSensorTiles, or between a Cricket and a Grasshopper development board is also available.

The U-BLOX CAM M8Q allows concurrent reception of up to 3 GNSS (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou) services, has an embedded, omni-directional and wideband antenna, and -167 dBm navigation sensitivity when tracking with GPS and GLONASS.

The embedded chip antenna provides the lowest-power GNSS solution with excellent performance (about the same as an active 18 mm x 18 mm active patch antenna) in open skies applications. We have added provisions for a external active GNSS antenna (via the uFl connector) using the PE4259 RF switch for more challenging environments like urban canyons, inside buildings, in moving vehicles, etc. A large external active patch antenna requires an additional ~10 mA during GNSS acquisition and tracking but offers slightly shorter fix times and more accuracy. The use case will determine which antenna should be used.

The CAM M8Q has a one pulse-per-second (pps) output connected to a green led and connected to the STM32L082 (GPIO D4) for syncing the STM32L082 RTC time with the GNSS time. The pps output can also be used as a CAM M8Q data ready interrupt attached to the STM32L082.

Everything about the long Cricket asset tracker has been designed to minimize power usage. The CAM M8Q has a dedicated 3.0 V low-noise LDO whose enable is connected to a STM32L0 GPIO (D5) so that power to the CAM M8Q and active antenna, if any, can be cut to zero when the CAM M8Q is not actively tracking. The L082 GPIO A0 provides the RTC back up voltage (at a cost of ~10 uA) for the CAM M8Q when the main power is off to allow warm and hot starts when the fix duty cycle is short. This backup power can be set to zero for full power control of the CAM M8Q when GNSS duty cycles are longer than the ephemeris data validity (4 hours).

The typical sleep current of the Cricket asset tracker is ~12 uA with the CAM M8Q backup on and ~2.5 uA without. Running the CAM M8Q at a duty cycle of one GNSS location fix every two hours (the satellite ephemeris goes stale after four hours) while reading/logging sensor data every minute and sending LoRaWAN updates of last position and sensor data every ten minutes costs on average ~250 uA whether using an 18 mm x 18 mm active patch antenna or the passive chip antenna. In this mode, the long Cricket Asset Tracker would last more than one year using a 3.6 V, 2400 mAH LiSOCl2 AA-sized battery.

We have programmed the BMA400 to send the L082 a sleep interrupt when no motion is detected and a wake interrupt when significant motion is detected in order to allow location fixes and LoRaWAN Tx at a higher duty cycle (say, once per minute) when the device is in motion. The idea is that the asset being tracked will spend most of the time in a stationary position, such that only infrequent updates of its position are required. But when the device changes location, we want the asset tracker to follow the trajectory of the move and report the motion and the asset's new position in a timely manner. Optimizing the long- and short duty cycles will depend on your specific use case but there is enough flexibility in the BMA400's sophisticated interrupt engine to match any requirement and allow users to balance low-power usage with timely location change tracking.

The accelerometer and pressure sensors embedded in the long Cricket Asset Tracker can be used to corroborate location changes signaled by GNSS. The acceleration is an obvious way to do this, but the BME280 sensor allows fairly accurate relative altitude discrimination (good to ~10 cm) so that relative changes in pressure (altitude) can confirm if the asset has moved in height as well as horizontal position.

In addition to location, the sensors embedded in the long Cricket Asset Tracker can tell if a piece of equipment is running or not (vibration via BMA400), if it is properly heating or cooling (BME280), etc. The 10 GPIOs exposed on the long Cricket Asset Tracker board edge provide flexibility to add your own sensors that are specific to your particular applications. The long Cricket Asset Tracker is an ideal platform for IoT applications development, especially those that require real-time GNSS location tracking!

Why did you make it?

Remote tracking of valuable objects is an interesting embedded design problem with low-power and long-range being the two highest hurdles. LoRaWAN makes low-power (~100 uA), long-range (>1 km) communications possible but GNSS modules are not usually associated with low-power usage. The trick is to design the board for maximal control over the GNSS power and in the long Cricket Asset Tracker, we literally shut the power off when we have achieved an accurate enough fix until the next fix interval. Thus, for many use cases, the long Cricket Asset Tracker can last for a year or more on a single 3.6 V, 2400 mAH LiSOCl2 battery.

For use cases where only one fix per day is required, this time can be extended out to many years. This could be the case for monitoring high-value fixed assets, like an earth mover or machine tool at a construction site, for example. The expectation is that these move very little or not at all, but that when they are in motion, the owner needs to know about it and keep track of their location.

Other use cases of interest include tracking bicycles in an urban environment; it is unlikely the asset tracker would last a year with the frequent motion expected in this case, but it could last several months, allow logging of the sensor and location data and enable recovery if the bicycle were misplaced or stolen.

Animal tracking is an obvious use case. Keeping track of domesticated animals like free-range horses and cows, monitoring the whereabouts of pets or even studying the movement of wild animals like deer and wild pigs are all possible with such a device. The small size, light weight, and power efficiency of the long Cricket asset tracker facilitate attachment to animals with very low impact (since no external antennas are required) and long intervals between recovery for battery charge/change.

What makes it special?

The long Cricket Asset Tracker is small and light, so will fit just about anywhere with no need for external antennas.

The long Cricket Asset Tracker is power efficient, using ~250 uA and lasting a year on a 3.6 V, 2400 mAH LiSOCl2 AA-sized battery for many interesting use cases.

The long Cricket Asset Tracker is easy to program using the Arduino IDE. Here is a repository of sketches with libraries for all of the sensors showing how to use the Cricket Asset Tracker as an asset location tracker, and an environmental data logger/remote sensing monitor.

The long Cricket Asset Tracker is ready to use (you provide battery) as an asset location tracker, environmental data logger, and remote sensor but offers the flexibility to tailor the sensor suite to your particular use case and application requirements. This flexibility makes the long Cricket Asset Tracker ideal as a prototyping platform for both home and industrial IoT products. The applications are only limited by your imagination!